Source: <https://psychologyforeveryone.com/chapter/35-maps-thinkers-and-how-to-use-this-book/>

# Maps, Thinkers and How to Use This Book

*Maps, thinkers and a guide to reading*

## 35.1 How to read this series

Psychology for Everyone is an educational guide. From first
principles to the living brain — with a field guide to distress,
counselling, the five senses and five elements, and Indic healing
arts.

**Figure 35.1** *A map of this book: ten volumes, one
door each.*

Nothing here can tell you what you have. Overlap is the rule. If
distress is heavy or safety is in question, seek professional and
emergency help.

This book is written only to spread awareness and basic
understanding. It is not a medical book for self-diagnosis,
self-treatment, or changing any medicine. It does not replace advice,
diagnosis, counselling, psychotherapy, treatment, or medicines from a
qualified psychiatrist, physician, or psychologist.

Healthy food, regular sleep, physical activity, family support,
spiritual practices, and counselling may support wellbeing. They must
not be treated as substitutes for professional care when a disorder is
present.

The series title is *Psychology for Everyone - A Mental Well Being
Series*. Tagline: Take care of mind and mood. Living edition:
psychologyforeveryone.in. Feedback and corrections are welcome at
myadvisorfriend@gmail.com.

## Trusted information

-

NIMH: nimh.nih.gov. WHO mental health:
who.int/health-topics/mental-health. APA: apa.org.

## 35.2 Four reading paths

Your living edition was planned as a site with articles, a brain
atlas, glossary, quizzes, a Big Five sketch, thinkers, and studies with
ethics attached. The four paths:

-

First principles — what the field is, how it began, how it knows
(Chapters 1–2).

-

The living brain — nerves, cells, lobes, senses, sleep (Chapters 3–4,
6, 13, 19, 21).

-

A person among people — learning, memory, development, personality,
social mind (Chapters 5, 12, 17).

-

When the mind hurts — emotion, disorders, therapy (Chapters 7–11,
14–15, 18, 22).

Dharma and healing techniques sit in Chapters 20, 23 and 24.

Volume 7 (Chapters 25–34) is the wider circle of care: addiction,
eating, neurodiversity, digital life, work and study, pregnancy and
birth, later life, rights, assessment and relationships.

Volume 8 is *Test Your Knowledge*.

Volume 9 is Stories from Real Life: several stories for every
chapter, each with signs to notice, causes, what to do, whom to consult
and how to talk.

Volume 10 is this companion guide. Use this chapter for quick
reference.

## 35.3 Founding figures and
schools

Psychology became a laboratory science in 1879. Names below are your
back-matter list, written so a student can place a chapter against a
person. Influence is not sainthood. Little Albert and some obedience
work would not pass today's ethics boards.

### Psychoanalytic tradition

#### Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

-

Founded psychoanalysis; unconscious, dreams, psychosexual
development.

-

Id, ego, superego; defense mechanisms; Oedipus complex.

-

Works: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900); The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life (1901); Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
(1905).

#### Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961)

-

Broke from Freud; analytical psychology.

-

Collective unconscious, archetypes, introversion/extraversion,
types.

-

Works: Psychological Types (1921); The Archetypes and the Collective
Unconscious.

#### Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

-

Individual psychology; inferiority complex, birth order, social
interest.

-

Work: Understanding Human Nature (1927).

#### Karen Horney (1885–1952)

-

Challenged Freud on women; neurotic needs; culture and
personality.

-

Works: The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (1937); New Ways in
Psychoanalysis (1939).

#### Erik Erikson (1902–1994)

-

Eight psychosocial stages; identity crisis.

-

Work: Childhood and Society (1950).

### Behaviourism and social
learning

#### John B. Watson (1878–1958)

-

Founded behaviourism; rejected introspection; Little Albert (1920) —
historically important and ethically condemned now.

-

Work: Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (1919).

#### B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

-

Operant conditioning; reinforcement schedules.

-

Works: The Behavior of Organisms (1938); Walden Two (1948); Beyond
Freedom and Dignity (1971).

#### Albert Bandura (1925–2021)

-

Social learning / social cognitive theory; Bobo doll (1961);
self-efficacy; reciprocal determinism.

-

Works: Social Learning Theory (1977); Self-Efficacy (1997).

### Humanistic and existential

#### Carl Rogers (1902–1987)

-

Person-centred therapy; unconditional positive regard, empathy,
genuineness.

-

Works: Client-Centered Therapy (1951); On Becoming a Person
(1961).

#### Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)

-

Hierarchy of needs; self-actualisation.

-

Works: Motivation and Personality (1954); Toward a Psychology of
Being (1962).

#### Rollo May (1909–1994)

-

Existential psychology.

-

Works: The Meaning of Anxiety (1950); Love and Will (1969).

### Cognitive psychology

#### Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)

-

Coined "cognitive psychology"; Cognitive Psychology (1967).

#### George Miller (1920–2012)

-

"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" (1956); working-memory
capacity.

#### Aaron T. Beck (1921–2021)

-

Cognitive therapy; cognitive distortions; Beck Depression
Inventory.

-

Works: Depression: Causes and Treatment (1967); Cognitive Therapy and
the Emotional Disorders (1976).

#### Albert Ellis (1913–2007)

-

REBT; Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy (1962).

#### Daniel
Kahneman (1934–2024) and Amos Tversky (1937–1996)

-

Heuristics, biases, prospect theory. Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and
Slow (2011). Nobel in Economics 2002 (Kahneman).

### Developmental psychology

#### Jean Piaget (1896–1980)

-

Four stages of cognitive development. Works: Language and Thought of
the Child (1923); Construction of Reality in the Child (1937).

#### Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)

-

Zone of proximal development; scaffolding; Thought and Language
(1934).

#### John Bowlby
(1907–1990) and Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999)

-

Attachment theory; Strange Situation; secure / avoidant / resistant
styles.

-

Bowlby: Attachment and Loss trilogy (1969–1980).

#### Harry Harlow (1905–1981)

-

Contact comfort in rhesus monkeys — historically important; ethics
would not permit the same design today.

#### Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)

-

Moral development stages, extending Piaget.

### Social psychology

#### Solomon Asch (1907–1996)

-

Conformity experiments (1950s).

#### Stanley Milgram (1933–1984)

-

Obedience studies (1960s) — ordinary people obey authority; ethics
now far stricter.

#### Philip Zimbardo (1933–2024)

-

Stanford Prison Experiment (1971); The Lucifer Effect (2007).
Situation power — and a caution about method.

-

Robbers Cave; realistic conflict theory.

#### Leon Festinger (1919–1989)

-

Cognitive dissonance (1957); social comparison.

#### Stanley Schachter (1922–1997)

-

Two-factor theory of emotion, with Singer.

### Clinical and counselling

#### Marsha Linehan (1943–)

-

DBT; originally for borderline personality disorder; CBT plus
mindfulness.

-

Conjoint family therapy (1964).

#### Salvador Minuchin (1921–2017)

-

Structural family therapy; Families and Family Therapy (1974).

#### Irvin Yalom (1931–)

-

Existential and group therapy; Love's Executioner (1989).

### Neuroscience, memory,
biological

#### Roger Sperry (1913–1994)

-

Split-brain; Nobel 1981.

#### Eric Kandel (1929–)

-

Learning and memory; Nobel 2000; In Search of Memory (2006).

#### Antonio Damasio (1944–)

-

Somatic marker; Descartes' Error (1994).

#### Joseph LeDoux (1949–)

-

Amygdala and fear; The Emotional Brain (1996).

#### Elizabeth Loftus (1944–)

-

Eyewitness memory; malleability of memory.

#### Endel Tulving (1927–2023)

-

Episodic vs semantic memory.

#### Alan Baddeley (1934–)

-

Working-memory model (1986).

### Women pioneers

#### Mary Whiton Calkins
(1863–1930)

-

First woman president of APA; denied a Harvard PhD despite completing
requirements; paired-associate technique.

#### Margaret Floy Washburn
(1871–1939)

-

First woman to receive a PhD in psychology; The Animal Mind
(1908).

#### Mamie Phipps Clark (1917–1983)

-

Racial identity and doll studies; evidence used in Brown v. Board of
Education.

#### Leta Stetter Hollingworth
(1886–1939)

-

Challenged gender-difference claims; gifted children; clinical
psychology.

#### Anna Freud (1895–1982)

-

Child psychoanalysis; The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense
(1936).

#### Melanie Klein (1882–1960)

-

Object relations; play therapy.

## 35.4 Psychiatrists and
contemporary figures

#### Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926)

-

Modern classification; dementia praecox vs manic-depressive
illness.

#### Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939)

-

Coined schizophrenia; concept of autism; Dementia Praecox or the
Group of Schizophrenias (1911).

#### Kurt Schneider (1887–1980)

-

First-rank symptoms; Clinical Psychopathology (1959).

#### Viktor Frankl (1905–1997)

-

Logotherapy; Man's Search for Meaning (1946) — already in Chapter
23.

#### John Cade (1912–1980)

-

Lithium's mood-stabilising effect (1949).

#### Henri Laborit (1914–1995)

-

Chlorpromazine and the psychopharmacology turn.

#### Nathan Kline (1916–1983)

-

MAOIs and early antidepressant research.

#### David Burns (1942–)

-

Feeling Good (1980) — public CBT.

#### Thomas Szasz
(1920–2012) and R. D. Laing (1927–1989)

-

Critics of diagnosis and asylum practice. Read as argument, not as a
reason to refuse a ward when risk is high.

#### Contemporary influential
figures

-

Martin Seligman — positive psychology; learned helplessness; Learned
Optimism; Flourish.

-

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi — flow; Flow (1990).

-

Carol Dweck — mindset; Mindset (2006).

-

Angela Duckworth — grit (2016).

-

Daniel Goleman — Emotional Intelligence (1995).

-

Bessel van der Kolk — The Body Keeps the Score (2014);
trauma-informed body work (Chapter 24).

-

Gabor Maté — addiction and trauma; In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts
(2008).

-

Robert Sapolsky — stress; Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers; Behave.

-

Oliver Sacks — The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (1985);
Awakenings (1973).

## 35.5 Indic and related sources

-

Patanjali, Yoga Sutras — citta, vritti, kleshas, ashtanga (Chapter
24).

-

Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) — duty, action without fruit-tyranny,
sthitaprajna.

-

Shankara — Advaita; nature of self (use with the clinic, not instead
of it).

-

Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya — unmada,
apasmara, sattvavajaya.

-

Samkhya Karika of Ishvarakrishna — purusha, prakriti, three
gunas.

-

Upanishads; Taittiriya panca kosha.

-

Buddhist Abhidhamma — mental factors and mindfulness as a parallel
psychology, named in your list.

## 35.6 Big Five sketch
(educational)

Personality is a relatively stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and
acting. The Big Five are scales, not a soul, not a hiring test.

**Trait** | **High end (plain)** | **Low end (plain)** |

Openness | Curious, imaginative | Prefers the familiar |
Conscientiousness | Organised, persistent | Flexible, sometimes chaotic |
Extraversion | Seeks people and stimulation | Needs quiet to recover |
Agreeableness | Cooperative, trusting | Sceptical, blunt |
Neuroticism | Easily stirred by threat | Even keel (not the same as "no feelings") |

A high Neuroticism score is not a disorder. A low Extraversion score
is not a disease. Chapter 5 and 12 hold the living person.

## 35.7 A short timeline

-

c. 800–200 BCE — Upanishads; early Samkhya and Yoga streams.

-

c. 400 CE (traditional dating varies) — Yoga Sutras compiled.

-

Charaka / Sushruta / Vagbhata — Ayurvedic mind-body medicine across
centuries.

-

1879 — Wundt's laboratory, Leipzig; psychology as a named lab
science.

-

1900 — Freud, Interpretation of Dreams.

-

1913–1920s — Watson behaviourism; Little Albert.

-

1950s–70s — chlorpromazine, lithium, CBT, attachment research,
social-psych experiments.

-

1980s–present — DSM revisions, neuroscience of emotion and memory,
trauma-informed care, positive psychology.

## 35.8 Quick cards: brain,
elements, therapies

#### D — Brain (lookup only)

Frontal — planning, inhibition. Temporal — hearing, memory, language.
Parietal — touch, space. Occipital — vision. Limbic — emotion and
memory. Brainstem — arousal and life support. Full plate lives in
Chapters 3 and 19; not repeated here.

#### E — Five elements (lookup
only)

Earth–smell, water–taste, fire–sight, air–touch, space–hearing. A
sensory-diet language, not a blood test. Full table lives in Chapter
20.

#### F — Therapy types (lookup
only)

CBT, IPT, behavioural / exposure, psychodynamic, person-centred, DBT,
family/couples, group, trauma-focused (TF-CBT, EMDR), MBSR/MBCT. Full
chapter is 14. Alliance first. Technique second.

[All 35 chapters](https://psychologyforeveryone.com/chapters/) · [183 stories from real life](https://psychologyforeveryone.com/stories/) · [61 Hindu shloks for the mind](https://psychologyforeveryone.com/shlokas/) · [Psychology for Everyone – A Mental Well Being Series](https://psychologyforeveryone.com/)

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