# Maps, Thinkers and How to Use This Book

- Link: https://psychologyforeveryone.com/chapter/35-maps-thinkers-and-how-to-use-this-book/
- Published: 2026-10-24T07:45:03+00:00
- Author: myadvisorfriend@gmail.com

![(Illustration created with AI tools.)](/wp-content/uploads/pfe-book/image61.webp)

## 35.1 How to read this series

Psychology for Everyone is an educational guide. From first
 principles to the living
brain — with a field guide to distress, counselling, the five senses and five elements,
and Indic healing arts.

![Figure 35.1 A map of this book: ten volumes, one door each. (Illustration created
with AI tools.)](/wp-content/uploads/pfe-book/image62.webp)

**Figure 35.1** _A map of this book: ten volumes, one
 door each.

Nothing here can tell you what you have. Overlap is the rule. If
 distress is heavy
or safety is in question, seek professional and emergency help.

This book is written only to spread awareness and basic
 understanding. It is not
a medical book for self-diagnosis, self-treatment, or changing any medicine. It 
does not replace advice, diagnosis, counselling, psychotherapy, treatment, or medicines
from a qualified psychiatrist, physician, or psychologist.

Healthy food, regular sleep, physical activity, family support,
 spiritual practices,
and counselling may support wellbeing. They must not be treated as substitutes for
professional care when a disorder is present.

The series title is _Psychology for Everyone – A Mental Well Being
 Series
. Tagline:
Take care of mind and mood. Living edition:
 psychologyforeveryone.in. Feedback 
and corrections are welcome at myadvisorfriend@gmail.com.

## Trusted information

 * NIMH: nimh.nih.gov. WHO mental health:
    who.int/health-topics/mental-health. 
   APA: apa.org.

## 35.2 Four reading paths

Your living edition was planned as a site with articles, a brain
 atlas, glossary,
quizzes, a Big Five sketch, thinkers, and studies with ethics attached. The four
paths:

 * First principles — what the field is, how it began, how it knows
    (Chapters 1–
   2).
 * The living brain — nerves, cells, lobes, senses, sleep (Chapters 3–4,
    6, 13,
   19, 21).
 * A person among people — learning, memory, development, personality,
    social mind(
   Chapters 5, 12, 17).
 * When the mind hurts — emotion, disorders, therapy (Chapters 7–11,
    14–15, 18,
   22).

Dharma and healing techniques sit in Chapters 20, 23 and 24.

Volume 7 (Chapters 25–34) is the wider circle of care: addiction,
 eating, neurodiversity,
digital life, work and study, pregnancy and birth, later life, rights, assessment
and relationships.

Volume 8 is _Test Your Knowledge_.

Volume 9 is Stories from Real Life: several stories for every
 chapter, each with
signs to notice, causes, what to do, whom to consult and how to talk.

Volume 10 is this companion guide. Use this chapter for quick
 reference.

## 35.3 Founding figures and⏎  schools

Psychology became a laboratory science in 1879. Names below are your
 back-matter
list, written so a student can place a chapter against a person. Influence is not
sainthood. Little Albert and some obedience work would not pass today’s ethics boards.

### Psychoanalytic tradition

#### Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

 * Founded psychoanalysis; unconscious, dreams, psychosexual
    development.
 * Id, ego, superego; defense mechanisms; Oedipus complex.
 * Works: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900); The Psychopathology of
    Everyday 
   Life (1901); Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905).

#### Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961)

 * Broke from Freud; analytical psychology.
 * Collective unconscious, archetypes, introversion/extraversion,
    types.
 * Works: Psychological Types (1921); The Archetypes and the Collective
    Unconscious.

#### Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

 * Individual psychology; inferiority complex, birth order, social
    interest.
 * Work: Understanding Human Nature (1927).

#### Karen Horney (1885–1952)

 * Challenged Freud on women; neurotic needs; culture and
    personality.
 * Works: The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (1937); New Ways in
    Psychoanalysis(
   1939).

#### Erik Erikson (1902–1994)

 * Eight psychosocial stages; identity crisis.
 * Work: Childhood and Society (1950).

### Behaviourism and social⏎  learning

#### John B. Watson (1878–1958)

 * Founded behaviourism; rejected introspection; Little Albert (1920) —
    historically
   important and ethically condemned now.
 * Work: Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (1919).

#### B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

 * Operant conditioning; reinforcement schedules.
 * Works: The Behavior of Organisms (1938); Walden Two (1948); Beyond
    Freedom and
   Dignity (1971).

#### Albert Bandura (1925–2021)

 * Social learning / social cognitive theory; Bobo doll (1961);
    self-efficacy; 
   reciprocal determinism.
 * Works: Social Learning Theory (1977); Self-Efficacy (1997).

### Humanistic and existential

#### Carl Rogers (1902–1987)

 * Person-centred therapy; unconditional positive regard, empathy,
    genuineness.
 * Works: Client-Centered Therapy (1951); On Becoming a Person
    (1961).

#### Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)

 * Hierarchy of needs; self-actualisation.
 * Works: Motivation and Personality (1954); Toward a Psychology of
    Being (1962).

#### Rollo May (1909–1994)

 * Existential psychology.
 * Works: The Meaning of Anxiety (1950); Love and Will (1969).

### Cognitive psychology

#### Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)

 * Coined “cognitive psychology”; Cognitive Psychology (1967).

#### George Miller (1920–2012)

 * “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” (1956); working-memory
    capacity.

#### Aaron T. Beck (1921–2021)

 * Cognitive therapy; cognitive distortions; Beck Depression
    Inventory.
 * Works: Depression: Causes and Treatment (1967); Cognitive Therapy and
    the Emotional
   Disorders (1976).

#### Albert Ellis (1913–2007)

 * REBT; Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy (1962).

#### Daniel⏎  Kahneman (1934–2024) and Amos Tversky (1937–1996)

 * Heuristics, biases, prospect theory. Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and
    Slow (2011).
   Nobel in Economics 2002 (Kahneman).

### Developmental psychology

#### Jean Piaget (1896–1980)

 * Four stages of cognitive development. Works: Language and Thought of
    the Child(
   1923); Construction of Reality in the Child (1937).

#### Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)

 * Zone of proximal development; scaffolding; Thought and Language
    (1934).

#### John Bowlby⏎  (1907–1990) and Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999)

 * Attachment theory; Strange Situation; secure / avoidant / resistant
    styles.
 * Bowlby: Attachment and Loss trilogy (1969–1980).

#### Harry Harlow (1905–1981)

 * Contact comfort in rhesus monkeys — historically important; ethics
    would not
   permit the same design today.

#### Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)

 * Moral development stages, extending Piaget.

### Social psychology

#### Solomon Asch (1907–1996)

 * Conformity experiments (1950s).

#### Stanley Milgram (1933–1984)

 * Obedience studies (1960s) — ordinary people obey authority; ethics
    now far stricter.

#### Philip Zimbardo (1933–2024)

 * Stanford Prison Experiment (1971); The Lucifer Effect (2007).
    Situation power—
   and a caution about method.
 * Robbers Cave; realistic conflict theory.

#### Leon Festinger (1919–1989)

 * Cognitive dissonance (1957); social comparison.

#### Stanley Schachter (1922–1997)

 * Two-factor theory of emotion, with Singer.

### Clinical and counselling

#### Marsha Linehan (1943–)

 * DBT; originally for borderline personality disorder; CBT plus
    mindfulness.
 * Conjoint family therapy (1964).

#### Salvador Minuchin (1921–2017)

 * Structural family therapy; Families and Family Therapy (1974).

#### Irvin Yalom (1931–)

 * Existential and group therapy; Love’s Executioner (1989).

### Neuroscience, memory,⏎  biological

#### Roger Sperry (1913–1994)

 * Split-brain; Nobel 1981.

#### Eric Kandel (1929–)

 * Learning and memory; Nobel 2000; In Search of Memory (2006).

#### Antonio Damasio (1944–)

 * Somatic marker; Descartes’ Error (1994).

#### Joseph LeDoux (1949–)

 * Amygdala and fear; The Emotional Brain (1996).

#### Elizabeth Loftus (1944–)

 * Eyewitness memory; malleability of memory.

#### Endel Tulving (1927–2023)

 * Episodic vs semantic memory.

#### Alan Baddeley (1934–)

 * Working-memory model (1986).

### Women pioneers

#### Mary Whiton Calkins⏎  (1863–1930)

 * First woman president of APA; denied a Harvard PhD despite completing
    requirements;
   paired-associate technique.

#### Margaret Floy Washburn⏎  (1871–1939)

 * First woman to receive a PhD in psychology; The Animal Mind
    (1908).

#### Mamie Phipps Clark (1917–1983)

 * Racial identity and doll studies; evidence used in Brown v. Board of
    Education.

#### Leta Stetter Hollingworth⏎  (1886–1939)

 * Challenged gender-difference claims; gifted children; clinical
    psychology.

#### Anna Freud (1895–1982)

 * Child psychoanalysis; The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense
    (1936).

#### Melanie Klein (1882–1960)

 * Object relations; play therapy.

## 35.4 Psychiatrists and⏎  contemporary figures

#### Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926)

 * Modern classification; dementia praecox vs manic-depressive
    illness.

#### Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939)

 * Coined schizophrenia; concept of autism; Dementia Praecox or the
    Group of Schizophrenias(
   1911).

#### Kurt Schneider (1887–1980)

 * First-rank symptoms; Clinical Psychopathology (1959).

#### Viktor Frankl (1905–1997)

 * Logotherapy; Man’s Search for Meaning (1946) — already in Chapter
    23.

#### John Cade (1912–1980)

 * Lithium’s mood-stabilising effect (1949).

#### Henri Laborit (1914–1995)

 * Chlorpromazine and the psychopharmacology turn.

#### Nathan Kline (1916–1983)

 * MAOIs and early antidepressant research.

#### David Burns (1942–)

 * Feeling Good (1980) — public CBT.

#### Thomas Szasz⏎  (1920–2012) and R. D. Laing (1927–1989)

 * Critics of diagnosis and asylum practice. Read as argument, not as a
    reason 
   to refuse a ward when risk is high.

#### Contemporary influential⏎  figures

 * Martin Seligman — positive psychology; learned helplessness; Learned
    Optimism;
   Flourish.
 * Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi — flow; Flow (1990).
 * Carol Dweck — mindset; Mindset (2006).
 * Angela Duckworth — grit (2016).
 * Daniel Goleman — Emotional Intelligence (1995).
 * Bessel van der Kolk — The Body Keeps the Score (2014);
    trauma-informed body 
   work (Chapter 24).
 * Gabor Maté — addiction and trauma; In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts
    (2008).
 * Robert Sapolsky — stress; Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers; Behave.
 * Oliver Sacks — The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (1985);
    Awakenings (1973).

## 35.5 Indic and related sources

 * Patanjali, Yoga Sutras — citta, vritti, kleshas, ashtanga (Chapter
    24).
 * Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) — duty, action without fruit-tyranny,
    sthitaprajna.
 * Shankara — Advaita; nature of self (use with the clinic, not instead
    of it).
 * Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya — unmada,
    apasmara, sattvavajaya.
 * Samkhya Karika of Ishvarakrishna — purusha, prakriti, three
    gunas.
 * Upanishads; Taittiriya panca kosha.
 * Buddhist Abhidhamma — mental factors and mindfulness as a parallel
    psychology,
   named in your list.

## 35.6 Big Five sketch⏎  (educational)

Personality is a relatively stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and
 acting. The
Big Five are scales, not a soul, not a hiring test.

  |  **Trait** |  **High end (plain)** |  **Low end (plain)** |  
   |  Openness |  Curious, imaginative |  Prefers the familiar |  
 |  Conscientiousness |  Organised, persistent |  Flexible, sometimes chaotic |  
 |  Extraversion |  Seeks people and stimulation |  Needs quiet to recover |  
 |  Agreeableness |  Cooperative, trusting |  Sceptical, blunt |  
 |  Neuroticism |  Easily stirred by threat |  Even keel (not the same as “no feelings”) |

A high Neuroticism score is not a disorder. A low Extraversion score
 is not a disease.
Chapter 5 and 12 hold the living person.

## 35.7 A short timeline

 * c. 800–200 BCE — Upanishads; early Samkhya and Yoga streams.
 * c. 400 CE (traditional dating varies) — Yoga Sutras compiled.
 * Charaka / Sushruta / Vagbhata — Ayurvedic mind-body medicine across
    centuries.
 * 1879 — Wundt’s laboratory, Leipzig; psychology as a named lab
    science.
 * 1900 — Freud, Interpretation of Dreams.
 * 1913–1920s — Watson behaviourism; Little Albert.
 * 1950s–70s — chlorpromazine, lithium, CBT, attachment research,
    social-psych 
   experiments.
 * 1980s–present — DSM revisions, neuroscience of emotion and memory,
    trauma-informed
   care, positive psychology.

## 35.8 Quick cards: brain,⏎  elements, therapies

#### D — Brain (lookup only)

Frontal — planning, inhibition. Temporal — hearing, memory, language.
 Parietal —
touch, space. Occipital — vision. Limbic — emotion and memory. Brainstem — arousal
and life support. Full plate lives in Chapters 3 and 19; not repeated here.

#### E — Five elements (lookup⏎  only)

Earth–smell, water–taste, fire–sight, air–touch, space–hearing. A
 sensory-diet 
language, not a blood test. Full table lives in Chapter 20.

#### F — Therapy types (lookup⏎  only)

CBT, IPT, behavioural / exposure, psychodynamic, person-centred, DBT,
 family/couples,
group, trauma-focused (TF-CBT, EMDR), MBSR/MBCT. Full chapter is 14. Alliance first.
Technique second.